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A supercomputer simulation produces a virtual spiral galaxy that comes close to matching the look of our own Milky Way. Msnbc.com's Alan Boyle reports.
By Alan Boyle
How long does it take to?simulate the Milky Way? The answer is about nine months, if you're using a powerful supercomputer. That's how long it took for researchers at the University of California at Santa Cruz and the Institute for Theoretical Physics in Zurich to produce the first simulation of galaxy formation that approximates the look of our own Milky Way spiral.
"Previous efforts to form a massive disk galaxy like the Milky Way had failed, because the simulated galaxies ended up with huge central bulges compared to the size of the disk," Javiera Guedes said?today in a news release about the project.
Guedes worked on the project during her time at?UC-Santa Cruz, and is now a postdoctoral researcher at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. She's the first author of a paper?accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal that describes the?simulation, known as the Eris galaxy.
For 20 years, astronomers have been trying to come up with a simulated galaxy that comes close to the look of the Milky Way and other spiral galaxies ? but fell short of the mark. Guedes and her colleagues were more successful in part because of the computer firepower at their disposal: 1.4 million processor-hours on NASA's?Pleiades supercomputer, plus additional supporting simulations at UC-Santa Cruz?and the Swiss National Supercomputing Center.
"We took some risk spending a huge amount of supercomputer time to simulate a single galaxy with extra-high resolution," said UC-Santa Cruz astronomer Piero Madau, one of the paper's co-authors.
The effort used a software platform known as Gasoline to?trace the motions of?more than 60?million particles, representing galactic gas as well as dark matter, over the course of more than 13 billion years.
Madau said?developing a realistic simulation of star formation was another key to Eris' success.
"Star formation in real galaxies occurs in a clustered fashion, and to reproduce that out of a cosmological simulation is hard," he said. "This is the first simulation that is able to resolve the high-density?clouds of gas where star formation occurs, and the result is a Milky Way type of galaxy with a small bulge and a big disk."
The recipe for the Eris galaxy limited star formation to the high-density regions of the galactic disk, which resulted in a more realistic distribution of stars. Within the high-density?regions, supernova explosions powered an outflow of gas from the inner part of the galaxy, keeping the central bulge from getting too big.
The point of the exercise wasn't merely to come up with a pretty animation. The virtual conditions for Eris' creation are consistent with the theory that?galaxy-scale structures coalesced from cosmic webs that were dominated by?cold dark matter.?Gravity drew primordial clumps of dark matter together into bigger clumps, and the "ordinary" matter that makes up stars and galaxies fell into those dark-matter clumps ? giving rise to visible galaxies embedded in halos of invisible dark matter.
Cosmologists contend that the universe consists of 4.6 percent ordinary matter, 23.3 percent dark matter and 72.1 percent dark energy. But the fact that astronomers?found it difficult to?produce galaxies like the Milky Way using that?formula?led some to question the prevailing cosmological model of the universe. The Eris galaxy simulation "shows that the cold dark matter scenario, where dark matter provides the scaffolding for galaxy formation, is able to generate realistic disk-dominated galaxies," Madau said.
The research team's effort may be a tour de force for supercomputing, but don't confuse the virtual Eris with the real-life Milky Way. Even though Eris is an incredibly high-resolution simulation, its 60 million particles of gas and dark matter pale in comparison with the Milky Way's hundreds of billions of stars.
Swiss researcher Lucio Mayer discusses the galaxy formation simulation with interviewer Michele De Lorenzi.
Extra credit: Eris is named after the Greek goddess of discord,?in recognition?of the decades of discordant debate that have surrounded the scenarios for forming spiral galaxies, according to a description of the project on the HPC-CH weblog. Guedes' website includes a quote from the Iliad: "The soldiers fought like wolves while Eris, the Lady of Sorrow, watched with pleasure." The simulated galaxy isn't the first astronomy-related object to bear that discordant name: Eris is also the name given to the dwarf planet that caused so much trouble for Pluto.?
More about dark matter and cosmology:
In addition to Madau and Guedes, co-authors of the paper include Simone Callegari and Lucio Mayer of the Institute for Theoretical Physics in Zurich. This research was funded by NASA, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Swiss National Science Foundation and an ARCS Foundation fellowship to Guedes.
Connect with the Cosmic Log?community by "liking" the log's Facebook page, following @b0yle on Twitter?or?adding me to your Google+ circle. You can also check out "The Case for Pluto," my book about the controversial dwarf planet and the search for other worlds.
The impact of running back Reggie Bush on the Miami offense in 2011 remains to be seen.? But there?s no dispute regarding Bush?s level of desire.
As David Hyde of the South Florida Sun-Sentinel explains it, Bush is working hard.
Very hard.
The effort includes regularly catching two trash cans full of football and running sprints and hitting the blocking sled after a two-hour practice has ended.
?I?m all about respect, about earning respect, and the way you do that is hard work,? Bush said.? ?That?s one of the things I wanted to show [teammates] right from the start to make people realize, ?Oh, he?s not just here for glitz and glamour.? He?s the hardest worker out there.?? That?s what I always try to be.?
He has added motivation, now that he has gone from being a role player/decoy in New Orleans to being by all appearances the lead dog in the Dolphins? backfield.
?I?ve been told what I can?t do for a while by many people,? Bush said. ? ?You can?t do this, you can?t do that.?? All that?s done is motivate me.? I want to show what I can do.?
If he wants a little extra motivation, Reggie should listen to Saints play-by-play broadcaster Jim Henderson?s recent comments to 1560 the Game in Houston.
Asked to characterize Bush?s legacy in New Orleans, Henderson said, ?Somewhat of a constant tease. . . .? He?s one of the greatest practice-field players I ever saw.? And so often ? and I saw every game he ever played for the Saints ? he?d get the ball in his hands and you?d go ?Oooooooh? and it?d be followed with a ?Uhhhhhhhhh?.? That?s usually the way that it went.
?Reggie was [a] very scintillating performer, had great star power.? But if you really looked at his numbers, he was not a superstar.? He really not even a star.? He was below average in a lot of them.? But he was a person that had marquee value, and I really expected that some team would overpay for him this year just for that.? And I don?t know whether the Dolphins overpaid for him or not at $5.5 million a year but he was due to make nearly 12 [million] with the Saints this year.?
Of course, there?s a much bigger issue than desire.? It?s durability.? Reggie has had plenty of injuries, something he has blamed on the fact that he played his home games on FieldTurf.
Starting in 16 days, when the Fins host the Pats, we?ll find out if Reggie can stay any healthier on grass and infield.
Until then, there?s no denying the fact that he?s working hard as he awaits the official start of the next phase of his career.? The only question is whether it will matter.
State College, PA, USA (and Tema, Ghana, West Africa)
At U.C., Berkeley, (BA, MSW), I was involved in community organization and the cooperative movement. Later, I managed Our Store, a food cooperative in Central PA. After my 3 children were born, I entered Penn State to earn a PhD in rural sociology focusing on African social change, with fieldwork in Ghana, my husband?s home country. I was simultaneously writing (and photographing) my first West African cookbook.
My interests include:
Celebrating?Sub-Saharan African cuisine and culture:?Founder, BETUMI: The African Culinary Network; writing books/articles/chapters/blog about African cooking/culture: e.g.,?A New Land to Live In??[IV Press, 1976];?A Good Soup Attracts Chairs[Pelican Pub., 1993, 2001];?Food Culture in Sub-Saharan Africa?[Greenwood Press, 2005],??plus articles and reviews written for magazines including?Gastronomica?and?Sojourners; speaking at national meetings (e.g., International Association of Culinary Professionals,??Rural Sociological Society, and??Agriculture, Food and Human Values Society, for Eatfeed and the BBC, as a celebrity chef at Rodale, at Epicure Row at the Miami Book Fair, and for the Culinary Historians of New York.
Teacher/writer:?teaching cooking classes (e.g., Tait Farms, Penn State, and throughout central Pennsylvania); working in schools as a creative nonfiction writer in partnership with the PA Council of the Arts; writing an (award-winning) blog (betumiblog.blogspot.com). I recently taught a course on technical writing at the African University of Science and Technology in Nigeria.
Instructional Designer:?I worked for 6 years for PSU?s World Campus as an instructional designer (receiving national awards for 2 of my courses!)
Best Detox Juices: The Top Three Finest Drinks ... - Health & Fitness
There are actually a good deal of detoxification plans which you can really apply in your lifestyle to make that healthy transformation but among the several detoxification systems available among the most effective systems that a lot of individuals talks really highly about will be the juice fasting plan.
Although this particular diet plan was not truly created for weight-loss those who have succeeded in completing this diet are known to shed a few pounds in just a brief amount of time. This process utilizes the juice from fruits and vegetables and uses it to substitute the regular meals we take daily.
But considering that we are talking about juices, when it comes to detoxifying the real question is which vegetables and fruits are identified as the best detox juices. Do not be concerned due to the fact we are going to be talking about this particular subject in this article.
Celery
Celery is one of the best detox juices for the reason that it?s truly observed to provide no less than eight sets of anti-cancer chemical compounds. Celery yields nutrients referred to as acetylenes which is a compound of which can surely stop the enhancement of most cancer cells.
What?s more, it contains other elements identified as phenolic acids which obstructs the behaviors of hormone like substances known as prostaglandins, which generates cancer cells.
Beets
Beets are in the list mainly because the benefits of juicing beets are numerous. Rich in vitamins and minerals, this ignored root which usually spends its entire life underground until it comes on a table. It?s not merely a liver cleanser and blood builder, but it also contains antioxidants also.
Grapefruit
Grapefruit is also among the best detox juices, but really should not be utilized for a juice fast by some persons, primarily by specific individuals who are maintaining specific remedies. An ingredient in grapefruit can shift the way certain drugs are taken in inside the body. Current analysis shows that pomegranate juice can also have a similar consequence.
A few other terrific detoxifying juices are apples and mango. You can use these fruits to create an apple juice recipe and you are going to be very impressed of the several mango nutrition facts that are in the web and in some books.
But even if you are not in fact thinking about going on a juice fast program you can still combine these best detox juices into your everyday diet plan to obtain more power as well as the vitamins and minerals which your body will want.
This is unquestionably something that the entire household can take pleasure in and it does not have to be challenging to do. All you?ll need is actually a juicer and a few fresh fruits and vegetables.
You could also try to mix up some fruits and vegetables and create your own liquid diet recipe. You may take in these juices first thing in the morning or right after every meal. But if you are pondering on having a strict detoxification program or a juice fast it truly is actually very best if you talk to your physician first just before actually starting with it.
But even immediately after you do accomplish this detox strategy be sure that you nonetheless continue to eat healthy and exercise regularly to get the most out of it.
Uncover the best detox juices that you can use for a healthier lifestyle by visiting my website about apple juice recipe.
Should I Think About Refinancing My Mortgage - Mortgage Bits
[unable to retrieve full-text content]Some people who couldn't get the terms they really wanted on their first loan due to poor credit or simply bad timing in the real estate market often assume they will wait a few years and then do a mortgage refinancing ...
Comprehensive 620-page analysis of the US tumor marker testing market.
Major issues pertaining to the US laboratory practice, as well as key economic, regulatory, demographic, social and technological trends with significant market impact during the next ten years.
Mortality statistics and scientific views on the etiology of major types of cancer, e.g., lung, colorectal, breast, prostatic, pancreatic, leukemia, lymphoma, gastrointestinal, bladder, liver, ovarian, testicular, oral, skin and others.
Ten-year test volume and sales forecasts over for 40 tumor marker performed in US hospitals, commercial laboratories and physician offices.
Placements and installed base of automated and semi-automated analyzers used for tumor marker testing.
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Profiles of current and emerging suppliers, including their sales, market shares, product portfolios, marketing tactics, technological know-how, new products in R&D, collaborative arrangements and business strategies.
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North Korea ready to discuss nuclear moratorium: Kremlin
(Reuters)
SOSNOVY BOR, Russia (Reuters) ? North Korean leader Kim Jong-il is ready to discuss suspending Pyongyang's nuclear arms testing and production if international talks on its atomic program resume, a Kremlin spokeswoman said on Wednesday.
The pledge, made during talks with President Dmitry Medvedev, appeared intended to increase the chances of reviving the six-nation aid-for-disarmament talks which collapsed when North Korea walked out of them in 2008.
"Kim Jong-il expressed readiness to return to six-party talks without preconditions," Medvedev's spokeswoman, Natalya Timakova, said after the president met Kim at a military base in the Siberian town of Sosnovy Bor near Lake Baikal.
"In the course of the talks the North Koreans will be ready to resolve the issue of imposing a moratorium on testing and production of missile and nuclear weaponry."
The reclusive North Korean leader, who arrived in nearby Ulan-Ude on Tuesday in an armored train on his first talks in Russia since 2002, did not speak to reporters after the talks some 4,420 km (2,750 miles) east of Moscow.
The United States and South Korea have called on North Korea to agree to a moratorium before the six-party talks reconvene.
But Timakova's comments suggested Kim wanted no discussion of the moratorium before a resumption of the talks, in which Russia, China and Japan are also involved.
The talks are intended to provide impoverished and secretive North Korea with economic aid as an incentive for giving up its nuclear weapons program.
Moscow and Beijing have called for a quick resumption of talks. Seoul, Washington and Tokyo say they are willing to resume the talks where they left off, but that Pyongyang must show it is serious about denuclearizing.
SECRETIVE TALKS
The time and day of Wednesday's meeting were not announced until the last minute although Kim, 69, had been traveling across Russia since arriving near the Pacific coast on Saturday. He travelled by train because of his fear of flying.
Kim, who wore khaki military jacket and trousers, was driven to the military base in a black Mercedes. He had spent the previous day boating on Lake Baikal, the North's state news agency said.
"Thanks to special attention and care on your part, Mr. President, we are having a happy trip," he told Medvedev.
The autocratic leader has sought help from regional powers in recent months for his impoverished nation, struggling with floods and international economic sanctions imposed over its nuclear weapons program.
He has left isolated North Korea to visit China, which now has more influence on Pyongyang than Russia, three times in less than two years.
Citing a "severe deficit" of food products, Russia said on Friday it would send 50,000 tonnes of grain to North Korea by the end of September. The North has also been seeking foreign investment to improve infrastructure.
Simple Info About Diamondback Response Sport Mountain Bike ...
Bloodletting appears a distant absurdity to us and still, just a few hundred a long time back, we missing George Washington simply because he trusted its rhetoric over logic when he agreed to it as procedure for just a unpleasant cold. diamondback response sport mountain bike would have something in common.
Mountain bicycles were supposed for trail and mountain riding where exactly the terrain is rough. The frames are constructed to resist the rough treatment of riding in natural configurations. In addition, distinctive tires and gearing ensure it is a lot easier for riders to obtain the power they have to have to continue to keep shifting. diamondback response sport mountain bike would have something in common.
Present-day bicycle helmet promotions and legal guidelines hold an alarming resemblance to the pronouncements utilized by the bloodletters. When an illogical practice is introduced when the only implies of safety and dismissal from the practice is equated to selected demise, even probably the most remarkable leader can succumb to its absurdity.
There?s also some work opportunities the place employees rely on bicycles, like postal solutions, police solutions and retail delivery.
Improved road and pathway conditions, driver and bicyclist education, considerably better protections for cyclists and increased numbers of bicyclists because of basic safety in numbers, stop crashes.
However, they are by far the most preferred form of bicycling, as most cycling is done on paved roads. There?re lightweight and very fast bikes.
As expected there is normally a catch since the insurance policies often does not pay the full value of this loss. Your bicycle insurance policies policy may very well characteristically possess a deductible, maybe $100, maybe $1000, based upon what you could afford or chose when you acquired the policy.
They?re also not recommended for individuals who have back, wrist, shoulder, prostate and neck problems.
Bicycle building will be done in a shed or garage and it?s an remarkable small-scale project. For individuals that want a custom-made bike with out the custom built cost it?s an remarkable option. The bicycle you make could bring back a old-time type or lead the pack into the future of bike development.
An individual last bit of advice, before reporting a theft claim, its beneficial to compare the amount you expect to recover to the likely costs belonging to the claim, like a claims surcharge on your insurance premiums with the next a couple of decades, and the possibility that you can not qualify for conventional householders coverage.
